A Local Authority v JB (by his Litigation Friend, the Official Solicitor) [2021] UKSC 52

Appeal concerning when an individual lacks capacity to consent to sexual relations and whether that assessment should also take into account their capacity to understand whether the other person has given consent. Appeal dismissed. ​

The summary below is taken from the Supreme Court’s press summary

A Local Authority commenced proceedings in the Court of Protection seeking declarations under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 ("the Act") as to JB's capacity in various matters, including a declaration that JB lacked capacity to consent to sexual relations. A question arose as to whether, in assessing JB's capacity to consent to sexual relations, the judge should have regard to whether JB had capacity to understand that the other person involved must give consent, and did in fact give and maintain consent throughout the act. The judge found that this was not relevant information for the purposes of determining if an individual had capacity to consent to sexual relations under the Act.

The Local Authority appealed to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal recast the relevant matter as whether JB had the capacity "to engage in" rather than "consent to", sexual relations. The Court of Appeal found that in deciding whether a person had the capacity to engage in sexual relations, a judge should have regard to whether that person can understand that the other person involved must be able to consent and gives and maintains consent. The Local Authority’s appeal was therefore allowed. JB, by his Litigation Friend, the Official Solicitor, appealed to the Supreme Court.

Respond (a charity providing services to children, young people and adults with learning disabilities), and Centre for Women's Justice (a charity seeking to combat male violence against women and girls) provided written submissions as interveners in the appeal.

The Court rejected this interpretation of the statutory scheme and found that the wording of section 2(1) of the Act is broad and flexible. The Court also rejected the alternative submissions on behalf of the Appellant that JB’s desire to initiate sexual relations was not a "decision" within the meaning of the Act.

Ground 2 [92 – 96]
The Appellant argued that even if the relevant matter was recast as whether a person had capacity to "engage in" sexual relations, in answering that question, it was not relevant to look at whether that person understood that the other person must be able to consent, and did in fact give and maintain consent throughout the act. The Appellant argued that this interpretation of the Act inappropriately extended its purpose to protecting the general public, and moreover created an impermissibly "person-specific" test for capacity.

The Court rejected these submissions. First, the Court found that it was correct that the Court of Protection should have regard to reasonably foreseeable adverse consequences with the aim of protecting members of the public, as well as the person who may lack capacity. Second, the Court found that the test in section 2(1) was decision-specific, not person-specific.

Ground 3 [97 – 116]
The Appellant argued that to have regard to whether a person had capacity to understand that the other person must be able to consent and must in fact consent before and throughout the sexual relations creates an impermissible difference between the civil and criminal law.

The Court found that no impermissible difference arose, and that there were strong policy justifications, including the Court of Protection's responsibility to protect persons who may lack capacity as well as to protect others, for any higher standard in the civil law test for consent. The Court also found that any differences between the civil law test and the criminal law test should be assessed as they arose in individual cases.

Ground 4 [117 – 119]
The Appellant sought to argue that the Act must be construed compatibly with Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights which provides for a right to respect for private and family life. This ground was not raised prior to the appeal to the Supreme Court, and permission to raise it was refused. The Court nevertheless found the operation of the Act is compatible with Article 8.

Ground 5 [120]
The Appellant argued that the Court of Appeal's test for capacity to engage in sexual relations was inconsistent with article 12(2) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which provides for recognition that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.

The Court rejected this argument as there is no separate standard for persons with disabilities. Furthermore, the Court noted that in R (SC, CB and 8 children) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2021] UKSC 26, the Supreme Court had recently confirmed that it would not examine whether the UK has violated provisions of an international treaty which are unincorporated in domestic law.

​Read the full judgment on the Supreme Court website